Origin and History of Batik
February 2, 2010 Artikel Batik
History of batik in Indonesia are closely related with the development and spread of the Majapahit kingdom in the land of Islam Java. In some records, the development of batik is often committed in times of Mataram job, then the kingdom of Solo and Yogyakarta.
So this batik art in Indonesia has been known since the time of Majapahit jobs and growing the kingdom and the subsequent kings. The start spreading this batik art belongs to the people of Indonesia and Java in particular tribe is after the end of the 18th century or early 19th century. Produced batik batik is all until the early 20th century and printed batik is known only after World War I out or around the year 1920. The connection with the spread of Islam, many central areas in Java is perbatikan areas Batik students and later became a tool of economic struggle by people against the Muslim pedangan Dutch economy.
Art is the art of batik on fabric image for clothing that became one culture keluaga Indonesian kings of old. Batik initially done only in a limited course and outcome palace for the king and the family clothing and his followers. Because many of the followers of the king who lived outside the palace, the art of batik was taken by them out of court and do at each place.
Long batik art was imitated by the people nearest and further extends to the work of women in the household to fill his spare time. Furthermore, batik clothing was just a family court, then became a popular folk clothes, both women and men. White fabric that is used when it is woven themselves.
Materials were used consists dyes from native plants homemade Indonesia among others, from: mengkudu tree, tall, Soga, indigo, and flat materials made from soda ash, as well as salts made from tanahlumpur.
Batik has become the kingdom Majahit culture, can be traced in the Mojokerto and Tulung Agung. Mojoketo are areas closely associated with the Majapahit kingdom during the first and the origin of the name have anything to do with Majokerto Majapahit. Relation to the development of original batik developed in Tulung Majapahit Agung is the history of batik development of this area, can be extracted from the legacy of Majapahit Kingdom era. At that time the majority of Tulungagung areas consist of swamps in the history of the area known as Bonorowo, which at the time of Majapahit bekembangnya area controlled by a Duke benama Kalang, and will not submit to the Majapahit kingdom.
Told that the police action carried out by Majapahati, Duke Kalang killed in fighting that reportedly rumored around the village which is now called Kalangbret. Thus the officers and soldiers of the Majapahit kingdom keluara settled and lived in the area or the current Bonorowo named Tulungagung among others also carry original art to make batik.
Regional batik is now at Mojokerto in Kwali, Mojosari, Betero and Sidomulyo. Outside the Mojokerto regency was in Jombang. In the late 19th century, there are some known batik in Mojokerto, the materials used at that time white cloth woven themselves and batik drugs from Jambal Soga, mengkudu, indigo tom, height and so on.
Drugs known abroad only after World War I that are sold by Chinese traders in Mojokerto. Printed batik is known along with the entry of drugs from abroad batik. Cap made in Bangil and entrepreneurs can buy batik Mojokerto in Sidoarjo Porong market. This Porong market before the world economic crisis known as the bustling market, where the results of batik production and Jetis Sidoarjo Kedungcangkring lots sold. When the economic crisis, batik entrepreneurs come Mojoketo paralyzed, because most entrepreneurs small business. After the crisis recur batik activities until the Japanese came into Indonesia, and the time of the Japanese occupation batik activities paralyzed again. Batik activity appears again after the revolution which has become a regional Mojokerto occupation.
Characteristic of batik Kalangbret of Mojokerto is almost equal to the output of batik-batik of Yogyakarta, which is essentially coraknya white and brown color and dark blue. Batik place known since more than a century ago was in the village Majan and Simo. The village also has a history as a relic from the time of Prince Diponegoro war in 1825.
Although known since ancient batik but Majapahait batik development began to spread rapidly in the region of Surakarta and Central Java Yogyakata, in the era of the kingdom in this region. It seems that the development of batik in Mojokerto and subsequent Supreme Tulung more dipenagruhi pattern Solo and Yogyakarta batik.
When the wake of clash between the Dutch colonial army troops prince Diponegoro then some of the troops withdrew Kyai Mojo eastward and until now called Majan. Since the Dutch colonial era to the era of independence this status Majan village village Merdikan (Special Region), and the village head of a kyai hereditary status. Majan batik is an instinct (heritage) of the art of making batik Diponegoro war era.
Color babaran Majan and Simo batik is unique because of the color red babarannya (from skin mengkudu) and other colors of the tom. One of the first centers of batik since there Sembung rural areas, which batik entrepreneurs mostly from Solo who came in Tulungagung in the late 19th century. Only now there are still some families who batik from Solo Sembung settled in the area. Apart from the places where there are also areas tesebut batik in Trenggalek and also some in Kediri, but the nature of some of the batik craft and household babarannya batik.
The spread of Islamic era
History of batik in other areas of East Java is in Ponorogo, whose story is related to the spread of Islam in this area. Batik art history Ponorogo area closely related to the development of Islamic religion and former kingdoms. It was said in Batoro Katong area, there is a descendant of the Majapahit kingdom Katong named Raden Raden Patah’s brother. Katong Batoro religion is what brought Islam to the Ponorogo and current petilasan is a mosque Patihan Wetan area.
Selanjutanya development, in Ponorogo, the area was a boarding school Tegalsari raised Kyai Hasan Basri, or known as the Great Tegalsari Kyai. This Tegalsari pesantren teach religion other than Islam also teaches administrative sciences, sciences and literature of war. A famous disciple of the literary field is Tegalsari Ronggowarsito Raden. Kyai Hasan Basri was taken into law by the king of the Kingdom of Solo.
At that time a new batik art is limited in the environment court. Therefore Solo palace daughter became the wife of Kyai Hasan Basri then brought to the Tegalsari and followed by escort-escort. In addition, many family courts Solo also studied in this pesantren. This event is brought batik art from the palace to the Ponorogo. Young people educated in this Tegalsari when it came out, the community will contribute in the dharma batik kepamongan areas and religion.
Old perbatikan areas we’re seeing today is the area that is Kepatihan Wetan Kauman now and from here spread to the villages Ronowijoyo, Mangunsuman, Kertosari, Setono, Cokromenggalan, Duchy, Nologaten, Bangunsari, Cekok, and NGUNUT Banyudono. At that time drugs were used in the batik is made in their own country from the woods, among others: tree tom, mengkudu, tall timber. While the material is also wearing a white cloth made from woven wear. New imports of white cloth in Indonesia is known about the late 19th century.
Batik stamp on the new Ponorogo known after the first world war brought by a Chinese named Kwee Seng from Banyumas. Regional Ponorogo early 20th century in the famous batik indigo dye that does not fade and that’s why batik entrepreneurs from Banyumas and Solo provides employment to many entrepreneurs in Ponorogo batik. As a result of the familiar printed batik production Ponorogo petama world after the war until the outbreak of the second world war famous for its batik is batik cap rough blue mori. Crude market Ponorogo printed batik became known throughout Indonesia.
Solo and Yogyakarta Batik
From work-kingdom in Solo and Yogyakarta around 17.18 and 19th centuries, batik and widespread, especially in the areas of Java Island. Batik initially just a hobby of the royal family in the ornate through clothing. However, further development, the community developed into a commodity batik perdagamgan.
Solo Batik is famous for its traditional style and patterns in the process of batik and the batik stamp he wrote. The materials used for coloring is still a lot of wear materials such as Soga domestic well-known Java since the first. The pattern remained among others known as “Sidomukti” and “Sidoluruh”.
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While origins of batik in the Yogyakarta area known since the kingdom of Mataram to-I with its king Panembahan Senopati. The first area is in the batik Plered village. Batik at the time limited within the family court which was done by the women helpers queen. From here batik extends to the first trap on the other court the family is the wife of the courtiers and soldiers. At the official ceremony of the royal court families both men and women wearing clothes with a combination of batik and striated. Because of this kingdom received a visit from the people and the people interested in the clothes worn by the family court and imitated by the people and eventually spread out batik out of the palace walls.
As a result of both the ancient war between the families of kings, and between Dutch colonialism, many families fled and the king who settled in new areas such as the Banyumas, Pekalongan, and the eastern area of Ponorogo, Tulungagung and so on. The spread of this batik areas to areas of historical development, according to Indonesian national struggle began the 18th century. Families who fled the palace is a developed batik to all corners of the island of Java and the existing natural and developed according to the new area.
Diponegoro war against the Netherlands, urged the prince and his family and his followers had to leave the kingdom. They then spread to the east and west. Then in the new areas that the family and followers of Prince Diponegoro to develop batik.
To the east of Solo and Yogyakarta batik style batik refine existing in Mojokerto and Tulung Agung. It also spread to Gresik, Surabaya and Madura. Westward was developed in Banyumas Batik, Pekalongan, Tegal, Cirebon.
Batik developments in other cities
The development of batik in Banyumas Sokaraja centered in the area brought by the followers of Prince Diponegero years after the 1830 war. They mostly settled in the area of Banyumas. Followers that the time was famous and he developed Najendra dip in Sokaraja batik. Materials used mori homespun results and drugs used dyes tom tree, trees and mengkudu pace that gives the red color of yellow artificiality.
Batik gradually spread to the people Sokaraja and at the end of the 19th century was directly related to batik in Solo and Ponorogo. Region in Banyumas batik has been known since before the motifs and colors in particular and is now called batik Banyumas. After the world war started batik union also done by China in addition to their trade batik material. .
Similar to batik in Pekalongan, the followers of Prince Diponegoro who settled in this area and develop business sekitara batik in this coastal area, namely in the area other than their own Pekalongan batik is growing rapidly in Buawaran, Pekajangan and Wonopringgo. The existence of batik in these areas almost simultaneously with the batik other areas which is about the 19th century. The development of batik in the outer regions apart from Yogyakarta and Solo are closely related to the development of royal history of Yogyakarta and Solo.
Widespread batik out of the palace after the end of the Diponegoro war and the many families who had moved court to areas outside of Yogyakarta and Solo for refusing cooperation with the colonial government. Family court brought its followers into new areas and in the place batik continued and then became a job for a living.
Batik pattern in this new area is also adapted to the circumstances surrounding areas. Pekalongan especially seen from the process and its design was heavily influenced by batik from Demak. Until the early 20th century batik process is known as batik morinya with artificial materials in the country and also some import. After the world war a new union known printed batik fabrication and use of drugs made overseas German and English.
In the early 20th century first became known in Pekajangan is producing stagen weaving and spinning the yarn itself is simple. In recent years new known batik done by the people who work this weaving sector. Growth and more rapid development of batik weaving and never stagen workers in the sugar factory and Tirto Wonopringgo ran into batik companies, because higher wages than the sugar factory.
Batik was known in Tegal late 19th century. Dyes used homemade time taken from the plants: pace / mengkudu, indigo, Soga and the fabric woven wood itself. Color Tegal batik was first babaran Sogan and gray after a known indigo plant, and then increases to the red-blue color. Tegal batik market it was already out of the area including West Java, was taken by the entrepreneurs are on foot and these are developed according to the history of batik in Tasik and Ciamis alongside other immigrant-settlers from the cities of Central Javanese batik.
In the early 20th century was known mori import and import drugs known as post-war new world of unity. Batik entrepreneurs in Tegal mostly weak in capital and raw materials derived from the Pekalongan and with credit and batik are sold in China provides loans to these raw materials. When the economic crisis of Tegal batik batik-wan and join a new active around the year 1934 back to the beginning of the second world war. When the Japanese went dead again batik activities.
Pila thus the history of batik in the same Purworejo in Kebumen with batik from Yogyakarta is around the 19th century. Batik Pekembangan in Purworejo compared with the faster Kebumen in Kebumen. Production as well as Yogyakarta and other Banyumas areas.
While in the Bayat area, Tembayat Kebumen District, which is located approximately 21 Km east of the town of Klaten. Bayat area is the village located at the foot of the mountain but the land barren and minuses. These areas include the environment and the residency of Surakarta and Klaten Regency batik history here is certainly closely related to the history of the Surakarta royal palace first. Bayat Village is now a pertilasan that can be visited by people in certain times of the “tomb of Sunan Bayat” on the mountain Jabarkat. So Bayat didesa batik has been around since the time of first job. Batik entrepreneurs in Bayat had most of the handicrafts and batik workers in Solo.
While batik in Kebumen is known about the early 19th century, brought by immigrants, immigrants from Yogyakarta in the context of the message of Islam, among others known are: Penghulu Nusjaf. He is a developing batik in Kebumen and first place is settled east Lukolo time now and there are also relics of the mosque for his efforts. Batik process is called first in Kebumen tengabang or Blambangan and then the last process is done in Banyumas / Solo. Around the early 20th century to make the pattern used turmeric to taste made from wood. Kebumen motifs are: the trees, birds-burungan. Other materials used are tree pace, and indigo kemudu tom.
Use of imported drugs in Kebumen known around 1920 employees, introduced by Bank Rakyat Indonesia, which finally left the materials homemade, as it saves time. The use of copper seal is known around the year 1930 brought by Purnomo of Yogyakarta. Regional batik is a village in Kebumen: Watugarut, Tanurekso many and there are several other villages.
Visits with relics of the present and the stories from generation to generation, it is estimated in the region Batik Tasikmalaya is known since the time of “Tarumanagara” which remains the existing number of trees Tarum is there that is useful for making batik at the time. Heritage village which still exists today Wurug batik is famous for its batik craft, Sukapura, Mangunraja, Maronjaya and Tasikmalaya city.
Formerly the center of government and the crowd is the village famous Sukapura, Indihiang located on the outskirts of Tasikmalaya now. Around the end of the 17th century and early 18th century because of wars between the kingdoms in Central Java, many of the county: Tegal, Pekalongan, Kudus Banyumas and migrated to the west and settled in Ciamis and Tasikmalaya. Most of them are batik entrepreneurs area and headed toward the West with trade batik. With the arrival of these new residents, making good use dikenallah Soga, who came from Central Java. Tasikmalaya batik production now is a mixture of batik-batik from Pekalongan, Tegal, Banyumas, Ghost of various patterns and colors.
Batik was known in Ciamis around the 19th century, after the completion of Diponegoro war, where followers of Diponegoro much left Yogyakarta, heading south. Some areas there is settled Banyumas and there is a continuing part of the journey to the south and settled in Ciamis and Tasikmalaya now. They are wandering in and keluargany a new place and settled into the population continue to live and procedures work. Some of them are experts in crafting batik as domestic work for women. Eventually this work can be developed on the surrounding residents due to everyday social intercourse or family relationships. The materials used for weaving the fabric of the paint itself and the material is made from trees such as: mengkudu, tom tree, and so on.
Batik motif Ciamis result is a mixture of the Central Javanese batik and their own regional influence, especially Garutan motifs and colors. Until the early 20th century batik in Ciamis developed little by little, from their own needs into market production. Was in the area of Cirebon batik there with royal kaintannya in this aerah, namely Kanoman, Kasepuahn and Keprabonan. The main source of Cirebon batik, the case is the same as in Yogyakarta and Solo. Batik emerged court environment, and carried out by the courtiers who reside outside the palace. The kings of old times delighted with the paintings and before the cotton is known, the painting was placed on palm leaves. It happened around the 13th century. This has to do with batik motifs on the fabrics. Characteristic of the bulk of batik motive cirebonan images of forests and wildlife symbol. While the sea motif for natural dipengaruhioleh Chinese thinking, which the sultanate of Cirebon editing once the Chinese princess. Cirebonan Sementra featuring batik because it is influenced by the eagle motif Yogyakarta and Solo batik.
Batik in Jakarta
Batik in Jakarta known and growing along with batik areas other that is roughly the late 19th century. Batik was brought by immigrants, immigrants from Central Java and they live mostly in areas batik. Area known batik in Jakarta scattered near Tanah Abang, namely: Rubber, Lower Dam and Udik, Kebayoran Lama, and the Mampang Prapatan and Tebet.
Jakarta since the pre-war union world has become inter-regional trade center with its port Indonesia Fish Market now. After the war finished the first part, where the batik process has become a popular brand, increased production of batik and batik traders looking for new marketing areas. Regional markets for textile and batik in Jakarta, which is famous for: Tanah Abang, Jatinegara and Jakarta City, which is the largest since the Tanah Abang market from past to present. Batik-batik production district of Solo, Yogya, Banyumas, Ponorogo, Tulungagung, Pekalongan, Tasikmalaya, Ciamis and Cirebon and other areas, meet at the Tanah Abang market, and from here the new post kedaerah outside areas of Java. Batik merchants is that many Chinese and Arab nations, the Indonesian people and a small bit.
Therefore the marketing center of batik most especially in Jakarta Tanah Abang, as well as raw materials traded batik same place, so the thought of batik traders to open a batik company in Jakarta and the place is adjacent to the Tanah Abang. Batik entrepreneurs who emerged after the world war unity, composed of Chinese nation, and batik workers brought in from areas of Pekalongan batik, Yogya, Solo and others. Apart from outside Jakarta batik workers, then taken all the local forces in the vicinity of batik as a maid. Next, look at this batik development brings new jobs, the local natives are also open batik companies. Motifs and batik process Jakarta in accordance with the origin of imported labor: Pekalongan, Yogya, Solo and Banyumas.
Raw materials used is batik woven itself and medicine for her own concoction results from wood materials mengkudu, pace, turmeric and so on. Jakarta Batik famous prewar crude batik with batik color Banyumas. Before the war the world unity raw materials are well known cambric and marketing their products in the Tanah Abang market and the area around Jakarta.
Outside Java batik
From Jakarta, the objectives of merchants outside of Java, batik is then developed around the major cities in Indonesia outside Java, West Sumatra, for example, especially the Padang area, is a remote area of central-city batik Javanese town, but the batik can develop this area.
West Sumatra including consumer area batik since the days before the union world war, especially the production of batik-batik Pekalongan (saaingnya) and Solo and Yogya. In West Sumatra who first developed the industry’s famous hand-woven “weaving Silungkang” and “weaving plekat”. Batik began to grow in the Valley after the Japanese occupation, which since the dissolution of the relationship between Sumatra with Java when the Japanese occupation, the batik supplies available in batik merchants and consumers is up to batik clothing for their daily. Plus after the independence of Indonesia, where the relationship between the two islands grew difficult, due to blockade-Dutch blockade, the batik traders usual relationship with the island of Java to find a way to create their own batik.
With his own work and careful research, from batik-batik is made in Java, so it ditirulah patterns and ditrapkan on wood as a cap. Batik drugs also used homemade results are from plants such as mengkudu, turmeric, gambier, resin and so on. White cloth and white cloth taken from the former and the results of hand-woven. Batik company first appeared that the boat Padang Pariaman in 1946 include: Bagindo Idris, Sidi Ali, Sidi Zakaria, Sutan Salim, Sutan Sjamsudin and in 1948 Mr. Payakumbuh year. Waslim (origin Pekalongan) and Sutan Razab. After the Padang and other cities into areas occupied in 1949, many traders open perusahaan-perusahaan/bengkel batik batik material obtained from Singapore via the port of Padang and Pakanbaru. But the merchants of this batik after an open relationship with the island of Java, back trade and perusahaanny a die.
Color of batik Padang mostly black, yellow and red and purple pattern Banyumasan, Indramayu’s, Solo and Yogyakarta. Now, batik production of more advanced Padang again but still far from the productions on the island of Java. Tools to seal now has been made of copper and most sarong production.
Source: [Adapted from the book 20 Years GKBI]
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